The advent of powerful computers and GPS (Global Positioning System) technology has revolutionized geologic mapping in recent years. Computers can process more data than humans with greater speed and accuracy. Geographic information system (GIS) databases allow scientists to store and analyze spatial data acquired from the techniques used above. One major advantage of GIS is that any type of spatial data can be stored and viewed as a separate map layer, which can be turned on or off.
While standard GIS programs are used in some stages of oil and gas development (especially site planning), many companies use specialized geology programs. These programs are designed specifically for geology data, including field mapping data, borehole data, seismic surveys, and other types of remote sensing data.
These programs contain powerful statistical and analytical tools that allow geologists to build and modify detailed 3D models of the subsurface. As new data is acquired, the model can be updated and modified.
Images: “3D Geologic Model” by USGS